Diplomacy is the skillful use of language, backed by the power of a government or organization, to manage international interactions. Diplomats are the primary–but far from the only–practitioners of this art, whose work is a vital component of making foreign policy happen.
The practice of diplomacy dates back to the earliest human societies. Writings on cave walls in Mesopotamia show that leaders of different cities exchanged letters as early as 2850 B.C.E. Embassies began to be established in the 14th century. Diplomacy has a long history of helping deter war and resolve disputes between nations. It orchestrates the passages from protest to menace, from dialogue to negotiation, ultimatum to reprisal, and from war to peace and reconciliation with other states.
For example, the numerous peace talks that diplomats have helped mediate between North and South Korea have prevented military confrontations and contributed to relative global peace. It is also a diplomat’s duty to help protect populations, whether by advocating for universal human rights norms in governmental proceedings or lobbying in international forums.
Throughout the centuries, diplomacy has become more and more sophisticated, taking many forms. Some examples include the exchange of diplomatic notes between governments (along with the development of specialized inks), formal arbitrations and mediations, and the creation of treaties. In the modern era, diplomacy is most often conducted through international organizations like the United Nations and the International Court of Justice. In addition, there is a great deal of day-to-day diplomacy that takes place between governments in their embassies around the world.